INDEX



ABC, 164, 321n

academic journals, 262, 280-82

Adobe eBook Reader, 148-53

advertising, 36, 45-46, 127, 145-46, 167-68, 321n

Africa, medications for HIV patients in, 257-61

Agee, Michael, 223-24, 225

agricultural patents, 313n

Aibo robotic dog, 153-55, 156, 157, 160

AIDS medications, 257-60

air traffic, land ownership vs., 1-3

Akerlof, George, 232

Alben, Alex, 100-104, 105, 198-99, 295, 317n

alcohol prohibition, 200

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll), 152-53

Allen, Paul, 100

All in the Family, 164, 165

Amazon, 278

American Association of Law Libraries, 232

American Graphophone Company, 56

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), 318n

Andromeda, 203

Anello, Douglas, 60

animated cartoons, 21-24

antiretroviral drugs, 257-61

Apple Corporation, 203, 264, 302

architecture, constraint effected through, 122, 123, 124, 318n

archive.org, 112

see also Internet Archive

archives, digital, 108-15, 173, 222, 226-27

Aristotle, 150

Armstrong, Edwin Howard, 3-6, 184, 196

Arrow, Kenneth, 232

art, underground, 186

artists:

publicity rights on images of, 317n

recording industry payments to, 52, 58-59, 74, 195, 196-97, 199, 301, 329n-30n

retrospective compilations on, 100-104

ASCAP, 18

Asia, commercial piracy in, 63, 64, 65, 302

AT&T, 6

Ayer, Don, 230, 237, 239, 244, 248

Bacon, Francis, 93

Barish, Stephanie, 38, 39, 46

Barlow, 334 Joel, 8

Barnes & Noble, 147

Barry, Hank, 189, 191

BBC, 270

Beatles, 57

Beckett, Thomas, 92

Bell, Alexander Graham, 3

Berlin Act (1908), 327n

Berman, Howard L., 322n, 324n

Berne Convention (1908), 250, 327n

Bernstein, Leonard, 72

Betamax, 75-76

biomedical research, 262-63

Black, Jane, 70

blogs (Web-logs), 41, 42-45, 310n-11n

BMG, 162

BMW, 191

Boies, David, 105

Boland, Lois, 265, 266-68

Bolling, Ruben, 246, 247

Bono, Mary, 215, 326n

Bono, Sonny, 215, 325n

books:

English copyright law developed for, 85-94

free on-line releases of, 72-73, 284-85

on Internet, 143, 144, 148-53

out of print, 72, 113, 134, 299, 317n

resales of, 72, 134, 299, 314n

three types of uses of, 141-43

total number of, 114

booksellers, English, 88-94, 316n

Boswell, James, 91

bots, 108, 161

Boyle, James, 129

Braithwaite, John, 267

Branagh, Kenneth, 85, 88

Brandeis, Louis, 34

Brazil, free culture in, 270

Breyer, Stephen, 234, 235, 242, 243

Brezhnev, Leonid, 128

British Parliament, 86, 87, 89-90, 91-92, 94

broadcast flag, 193, 324n

Bromberg, Dan, 230

Brown, John Seely, 45, 46, 47, 127

browsing, 145, 147, 277-78

Buchanan, James, 232

Bunyan, John, 93

Burdick, Quentin, 60

Bush, George W., 323n

cable television, 59-61, 74-75, 162, 163, 302

camera technology, 32-33, 34, 35, 127

Camp Chaos, 106

CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel), 324n

cars, MP3 sound systems in, 191

Carson, Rachel, 129

cartoon films, 21-25

Casablanca, 148

cassette recording, 69-70, 314n

VCRs, 75-76, 77, 158-60, 194, 297, 320n

Causby, Thomas Lee, 2, 3, 7, 11, 12, 256, 307n

Causby, Tinie, 2, 3, 7, 11, 12, 256, 307n

CBS, 164

CD-ROMs, film clips used in, 100-104

CDs:

copyright marking of, 291

foreign piracy of, 63, 64

mix technology and, 203-4

preference data on, 189-90

prices of, 70, 302

sales levels of, 70-71, 314n

cell phones, music streamed over, 298

chimeras, 178-79

Christensen, Clayton M., 166, 313n, 321n

circumvention technologies, 156, 157-60

civil liberties, 205-7

Clark, Kim B., 321n

CNN, 44

Coase, Ronald, 232

Code (Lessig), xiii, xiv, 121, 318n

CodePink Women for Peace, xiv, 269

Coe, Brian, 33

Comcast, 321n

comics, Japanese, 25-26, 27-28, 29, 309n

commerce, interstate, 219, 236, 326n

Commerce, U.S. Department of, 126

commercials, 36, 45-46, 127, 167-68, 321n

common law, 86, 90, 91, 92

Commons, John R., 318n

Communications Decency Act (1996), 325n

composers, copyright protections of, 55-59, 74

compulsory 335 license, 57-58

computer games, 37

Conger, 85, 87, 88-89, 90, 91

Congress, U.S.:

on cable television, 61, 74-75

challenge of CTEA legislation of, 228-48

constitutional powers of, 215-16, 219-20, 233, 234-35, 238-39, 240

in constitutional Progress Clause, 130-31, 236

on copyright laws, 56-57, 61, 74-75, 76, 77-78, 133, 134-35, 193, 194, 196, 197, 294, 324n

copyright terms extended by, 134-35, 214-18, 219-21, 228, 236

on derivative rights, 294

on digital audio tape, 315n

lobbying of, 217-18

on radio, 196, 197

on recording industry, 56-57, 74, 196

Supreme Court restraint on, 218-19, 220, 234

on VCR technology, 76, 77

Conrad, Paul, 158, 159, 160

Constitution, U.S.:

Commerce Clause of, 219, 233, 244, 326n

copyright purpose established in, 130-31, 220, 221, 308n, 326n

on creative property, 119-20, 130

Fifth Amendment to, 119

First Amendment to, 10, 128, 142, 168, 228, 230, 234, 244, 319n

originalist interpretation of, 243

Progress Clause of, 130-31, 215, 218, 232, 236, 243-44

structural checks and balances of, 131

Takings Clause of, 119

Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, 324n

contracts, 320n

Conyers, John, Jr., 322n

cookies, Internet, 278

“copyleft” licenses, 328n

copyright:

constitutional purpose of, 130-31, 220, 221, 308n, 326n

Creative Commons licenses for material in, 282-86

duration of, 24-25, 86, 89-94, 130, 131, 133-35, 172, 214-18, 220, 221-22, 292-93, 294-95, 309n, 319n

four regulatory modalities on, 124-26, 132

infringement lawsuits on, see copyright infringement lawsuits

marking of, 137, 288, 290-91

as narrow monopoly right, 87-94

of natural authors vs. corporations, 135

no registration of works, 222-23, 249

in perpetuity, 89-90, 91, 92-93, 170, 215, 243, 246, 318n, 325n-26n

as property, 83-84, 172

renewability of, 86, 133-34, 135, 289-90, 293, 309n, 319n

scope of, 136-39, 140, 169-72, 295, 320n

usage restrictions attached to, 87-88, 143-44, 146, 320n

voluntary reform efforts on, 275, 277-86

see also copyright law

Copyright Act (1790), 133, 137-38, 319n

Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel (CARP), 324n

copyright infringement lawsuits:

distribution technology targeted in, 75-77, 190, 191, 323n

exaggerated claims of, 51, 180, 185, 187, 190, 206, 322n

individual defendants intimidated by, 51-52, 185, 187, 200, 270

in recording industry, 50-52, 180, 185, 190, 200, 270, 322n, 323n

statutory damages of, 51

against student file sharing, 50-52, 180, 322n

willful infringement findings in, 146

zero tolerance in, 73-74, 180-81

copyright law:

authors vs. composers in, 56-57

on cable television rebroadcasting, 59-61, 74-75

circumvention technology banned by, 156, 157-60

commercial creativity as primary purpose of, 8, 204, 308n

copyright 336 law (cont.)

copies as core issue of, 139-40, 141-44, 146, 171, 319n, 320n

creativity impeded by, 19, 184-88, 308n

development of, 85-94, 316n

English, 17, 85-94, 316n

European, 137, 250, 327n

as ex post regulation modality, 121-22

fair use and, 95-99, 107, 141-42, 143, 145, 146, 157, 160, 172, 186-87, 283, 292, 316n

felony punishment for infringement of, 180, 215, 223, 322n

formalities reinstated in, 287-91, 329n

government reforms proposed on, 287-306

history of American, 132-38, 170-71

illegal behavior as broad response to, 199-207

innovation hampered by, 188-99

innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in, 75, 77-79, 120, 129-30, 172-73

international compliance with, 63-64, 313n

Japanese, 26, 27-28

lawyers as detriment to, 292, 304-6

malpractice lawsuits against lawyers advising on, 190-91

on music recordings, 55-58, 74, 181, 195, 291

privacy interests in, 308n

as protection of creators, 10, 131, 204

registration requirement of, 137, 170-71, 248-54, 288, 289-90, 291, 327n

on republishing vs. transformation of original work, 19, 136, 138-39, 144-45, 170-72, 294-96, 319n

royalty proposal on derivative reuse in, 106

statutory licenses in, 56-58, 64, 74, 194, 295-96, 300

Supreme Court case on term extension of, 218, 228-48

technology as automatic enforcer of, 147, 148-61, 181, 186, 203, 320n, 324n

term extensions in, 134-35, 214-18, 219-21, 228-48

two central goals of, 75

Copyright Office, 252-53, 289, 291

corporations:

copyright terms for, 135

in pharmaceutical industry, 260

“Country of the Blind, The” (Wells), 177-78

Court of Appeals:

D.C. Circuit, 228-29, 231, 235

Ninth Circuit, 76, 105, 323n

cover songs, 57

Creative Commons, 270, 282-86

creative property:

of authors vs. composers, 56-57

common law protections of, 133

constitutional tradition on, 118-20, 130-31

“if value, then right” theory of, 18-19, 53

noncommercial second life of, 112-13, 114-15

other property rights vs., 117-24, 140

see also intellectual property rights

creativity:

labor shift to, 308n

legal restrictions on, 19, 184-88, 308n

by transforming previous works, 22-24, 25-29

see also innovation

Crichton, Michael, 37

criminal justice system, 167

Crosskey, William W., 318n

CTEA, see Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act

culture:

archives of, 108-15, 173, 226-27

commerical vs. noncommercial, 7-8, 170-72, 225

see also free culture

Cyber Rights (Godwin), 40

Daguerre, Louis, 31

Daley, Elizabeth, 36-37, 38, 39-40, 46

DAT (digital audio tape), 315n, 330n

Data General, 279

Day After Trinity, The, 97

D.C. Court of Appeals, 228-29, 231, 235

DDT, 129-30

Dean, Howard, 43

democracy: 337

digital sharing within, 184

media concentration and, 166

public discourse in, 42, 45

semiotic, 301-2

in technologies of expression, 33, 35, 41-42, 43, 44-45

Democratic Party, 249

derivative works, 329n

fair use vs., 145

First Amendment and, 319n

historical shift in copyright coverage of, 136, 170-72

piracy vs., 22-24, 25-29, 138-39, 141

reform of copyright term and scope on, 294-96

royalty system proposed for, 106

technological developments and, 144, 171

developing countries, foreign patent costs in, 63, 257-61, 313n

Diamond Multimedia Systems, 323n

digital audio tape (DAT), 315n, 330n

digital cameras, 35, 127

Digital Copyright (Litman), 194

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 156, 157, 159, 160, 181

Diller, Barry, 165-66

DirecTV, 163

Dirty Harry, 101

Disney, Inc., 23-24, 116, 145-46, 218, 231

Sony Betamax technology opposed by, 75-76

Disney, Walt, 21-24, 25, 26, 28-29, 33-34, 78, 115, 139, 213, 220, 309n

DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 156, 157, 159, 160, 181

Doctorow, Cory, 72-73, 284

doctors, malpractice claims against, 185, 323n

documentary film, 95-99

domain names, 289

Donaldson, Alexander, 90-91, 92

Donaldson v. Beckett, 92-94

Douglas, William O., 2-3

doujinshi comics, 25-26, 27-28, 29

Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow), 72-73, 284

Drahos, Peter, 267

DreamWorks, 106-7

Dreyfuss, Rochelle, 18

driving speed, constraints on, 123-24, 207

Drucker, Peter, 103

drugs:

illegal, 166-67, 201, 207, 321n

pharmaceutical, 257-61, 266, 327n, 328n

Dryden, John, 316n

“Duck and Cover” film, 112

DVDs:

piracy of, 64

price of, 70

Dylan, Bob, 270

Eagle Forum, 231, 232

Eastman, George, 31-34

Eastwood, Clint, 100-103, 295

e-books, 144, 148-53

Edison, Thomas, 3, 53-54, 55, 69, 78

education:

in media literacy, 35-40

tinkering as means of, 45-47, 50

Eldred, Eric, 213-15, 218, 220, 221, 229, 249, 325n

Eldred Act, 249-54, 255

Eldred v. Ashcroft, 220, 228-48, 292

elections, 41-42, 43

electoral college, 120, 131

Electronic Frontier Foundation, 205

Else, Jon, 95-99, 186

e-mail, 42

EMI, 162, 191

Eminem, 270

eMusic.com, 181-82

encryption systems, 155-56

England, copyright laws developed in, 85-94

Enlightenment, 89

environmentalism, 129-30

ephemeral films, 112

Errors and Omissions insurance, 98

Erskine, Andrew, 91

ethics, 201

expression, technologies of:

democratic, 33, 35, 41-42, 43, 44-45

media literacy and, 35-40

Fairbank, 338 Robert, 105

fair use, 141-43

circumvention technology ban and, 157-58

Creative Commons license vs., 283

in documentary film, 95-99, 316n

fuzziness of, 292

Internet burdens on, 143, 145

legal intimidation tactics against, 98-99, 146, 172, 186-87

in sampling works, 107

technological restriction of, 160

Fallows, James, 163-64

Fanning, Shawn, 67

Faraday, Michael, 3

farming, 127, 129

FCC:

on FM radio, 5-6

on media bias, 321n

media ownership regulated by, xiv-xv, 162, 269

on television production studios, 165

Felton, Ed, 47, 155-57, 158, 160

feudal system, 267

Fifth Amendment, 119

film industry:

consolidation of, 163

luxury theaters vs. video piracy in, 302

patent piracy at inception of, 53-55

rating system of, 117

trade association of, 116-17, 119, 218, 253-54, 256

trailer advertisements of, 145-46

VCR taping facility opposed by, 75-76

films:

animated, 21-24

archive of, 111, 112

clips and collages of, 100-107

digital copies of, 324n

fair use of copyrighted material in, 95-99

multiple copyrights associated with, 95, 101-3, 224

in public domain, 223-25, 254

restoration of, 224, 226

total number of, 114

film sampling, 107

First Amendment, 10, 128, 142, 168, 319n

copyright extension as violation of, 228, 230, 234, 244

first-sale doctrine, 146

Fisher, William, 197, 301, 324n, 330n

Florida, Richard, 20, 308n

FM radio, 4-6, 128, 196, 256

Forbes, Steve, 249, 253

formalities, 137, 287-91

Fourneaux, Henri, 55

Fox, William, 54

Fox (film company), 96, 97, 98, 163

free culture:

Creative Commons licenses for recreation of, 282-86

defined, xvi

derivative works based on, 29-30

English legal establishment of, 94

four modalities of constraint on, 121-26, 317n, 318n

permission culture vs., xiv, 8, 173

restoration efforts on previous aspects of, 277-82

Free for All (Wayner), 285

free market, technological changes in, 127-28

Free Software Foundation, xv, 231-32, 280

free software/open-source software (FS/OSS), 45, 65, 264-66, 279-80, 328n

French copyright law, 327n

Fried, Charles, 233, 237

Friedman, Milton, 232

Frost, Robert, 214, 216-17, 220

Future of Ideas, The (Lessig), 148, 150, 189, 292

Garlick, Mia, 284

Gates, Bill, 128, 266

General Film Company, 54

General Public License (GPL), 265, 280

generic drugs, 266

German copyright law, 327n

Gershwin, George, 233, 234

Gil, Gilberto, 270

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 234, 235, 242

Girl Scouts, 18

Global Positioning System, 263

GNU/Linux operating system, 65, 232, 264, 280

Godwin, 339 Mike, 40

Goldstein, Paul, 295

Google, 48-49, 50

GPL (General Public License), 265, 280

Gracie Films, 96

Grimm fairy tales, 23, 28, 213-14

Grisham, John, 57, 294-95

Groening, Matt, 96, 97, 98

Grokster, Ltd., 323n

guns, 159-60, 219

hacks, 154

Hal Roach Studios, 223, 232

Hand, Learned, 312n

handguns, 159-60

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 213, 214

Henry V, 85

Henry VIII, King of England, 88

Herrera, Rebecca, 96, 97

Heston, Charlton, 60

history, records of, 109

HIV/AIDS therapies, 257-61

Hollings, Fritz, 324n

Hollywood film industry, 53-55

see also film industry

Horovitz, Jed, 187-88

House of Lords, 92-93, 94

Hummer, John, 191

Hummer Winblad, 191

Hyde, Rosel, 60

IBM, 264, 279

“if value, then right” theory, 18-19, 53

images, ownership of, 34, 186

innovation, 67, 313n

copyright profit balanced with, 75, 77-79

industry establishment opposed to, 75-76, 188-99

media conglomeration as disincentive for, 164-66

see also creativity

Innovator’s Dilemma, The (Christensen), 166, 321n

insecticide, environmental consequences of, 129-30

Intel, 194, 232

intellectual property rights, 11-12

components of, 309n

of drug patents, 260-61, 328n

international organization on issues of, 262-64, 265-67, 328n

U.S. Patent Office on private control of, 266-69

international law, 63-64, 258-59, 313n

Internet:

blogs on, 41, 42-45, 310n-11n

books on, 72-73, 143-44, 148-53, 284-85

copyright applicability altered by technology of, 141-44

copyright enforced through, 149-57, 161

copyright regulatory balance lost with, 125-26

creative Web sites on, 185

cultural process transformed by, 7-8

development of, 7, 262, 276-77

domain name registration on, 289

efficient content distribution on, 17-18, 193-94

encryption systems designed for, 155-56

initial free character of, 276-77

music files downloaded from, 67, 180-82, 199, 313n, 323n, 324n

news events on, 40-41, 43

peer-generated rankings on, 43

peer-to-peer file sharing on, see peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing

pornography on, 325n

privacy protection on, 278-79

public discourse conducted on, 41-45

radio on, 194-99, 324n

search engines used on, 48-50

speed of access to, 297-98

user identities released by service providers of, 186, 205-6, 322n

Internet Archive, 108-10, 112, 114, 222, 232

Internet Explorer, 65

interstate commerce, 219, 236, 326n

Iraq war, 44, 310n, 317n

ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by, 186, 205-6, 322n

Iwerks, Ub, 22

Japanese comics, 25-26, 27-28, 29, 309n

Jaszi, Peter, 216, 245

Jefferson, 340 Thomas, 84, 120, 284

Johnson, Lyndon, 116

Johnson, Samuel, 93

Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue ( Jones Day), 229-30, 232, 237

Jonson, Ben, 316n

Jordan, Jesse, 48, 49-52, 185, 200, 206

journalism, 44

jury system, 42

Just Think!, 35-36, 41, 45-46

Kahle, Brewster, 47, 110-15, 222, 226-27, 317n

Kaplan, Benjamin, 294

Kazaa, 67, 71, 179, 180

Keaton, Buster, 22, 23, 28

Kelly, Kevin, 255

Kennedy, Anthony, 234, 239, 244, 248

Kennedy, John F., 116, 195

Kittredge, Alfred, 56

knowledge, freedom of, 89

Kodak cameras, 32-33, 34, 127, 184

Kodak Primer, The (Eastman), 32

Kozinski, Alex, 76

Krim, Jonathan, 265

labor, 308n, 318n

land ownership, air traffic and, 1-3, 294

Laurel and Hardy films, 223

law:

citizen respect for, 199-207

common vs. positive, 86, 90

as constraint modality, 121-22, 123-24, 125, 317n

on copyrights, see copyright law

databases of case reports in, 65, 280-81

federal vs. state, 133

law schools, 201

lawyers:

copyright cultural balance impeded by, 292, 304-6

malpractice suits against, 190-91

Leaphart, Walter, 285

Lear, Norman, 164, 165

legal realist movement, 322

legal system, attorney costs in, 51-52, 185, 186-87, 304-6

Lessig, Lawrence, xiii, xiv, 121, 148, 150, 189, 292, 318n

Eldred case involvement of, 215, 216, 218, 228-48

in international debate on intellectual property, 263-64, 267-68, 328n

Lessing, Lawrence, 5-6

Lexis and Westlaw, 280-81

libraries:

archival function of, 109, 111, 113, 114, 173, 227

journals in, 280, 281

privacy rights in use of, 278

of public-domain literature, 213-14

Library of Congress, 110, 111, 198

Licensing Act (1662), 86

Liebowitz, Stan, 313n, 330n

Linux operating system, 65, 232, 264, 280

Litman, Jessica, 194

Lofgren, Zoe, 253

Lott, Trent, 43

Lovett, Lyle, 179, 189

Lucas, George, 98

Lucky Dog, The, 223

McCain, John, 162

Madonna, 59, 121

manga, 25-26, 27-28, 29, 309n

Mansfield, William Murray, Lord, 17, 91

Marijuana Policy Project, 321n

market competition, 128, 147

market constraints, 122, 123, 125, 188, 192, 318n

Marx Brothers, 147-48, 152

media:

blog pressure on, 43

commercial imperatives of, 43, 44

ownership concentration in, xiv-xv, 4-6, 44, 162-68, 269-70

media literacy, 35-40

Mehra, Salil, 27, 309n

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 323n

MGM, 116

Michigan Technical University, 51

Mickey Mouse, 21-22, 139, 220, 221, 231

Microsoft, 100

competitive strategies of, 65

on 341 free software, 264, 265, 328n

government case against, 155

international software piracy of, 65

network file system of, 49

Windows operating system of, 65

WIPO meeting opposed by, 265

Middlemarch (Eliot), 148-50, 151

Mill, John Stuart, 318n

Millar v. Taylor, 91, 92

Milton, John, 89, 93, 316n

monopoly, copyright as, 88-94

Monroe, Marilyn, 195

Morrison, Alan, 232

Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), 116-17, 119, 218, 253-54, 256

Motion Pictures Patents Company (MPPC), 53-54, 63

Movie Archive, 112

Moyers, Bill, 165

MP3.com, 189-90

MP3 players, 191

MP3s, 125

see also peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing

Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood, 158

MTV, 69-70

Müller, Paul Hermann, 129

Murdoch, Rupert, 163

music publishing, 17, 55-56

music recordings:

total number of, 114

see peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing; recording industry

MusicStore, 302

Myers, Mike, 106-7

my.mp3.com, 189-90

Napster, 34, 60, 105

infringing material blocked by, 73-74

number of registrations on, 67

range of content on, 68

recording industry tracking of users of, 206

replacement of, 67

venture capital for, 191

Nashville Songwriters Association, 221

National Writers Union, 232

NBC, 321n

Needleman, Rafe, 191

Nesson, Charlie, 201

NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998), 215

Netanel, Neil Weinstock, 10, 329n

Netscape, 65

New Hampshire (Frost), 214

News Corp., 163

news coverage, 40-41, 43, 44, 110-12

newspapers:

archives of, 109, 110

ownership consolidation of, 163

Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign, 167, 321n

Nimmer, David, 105

Nimmer, Melville, 304

1984 (Orwell), 108-9

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, 76, 105, 323n

Nixon, Richard, 293

No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998), 215

norms, regulatory influence of, 122, 123, 125

O’Connor, Sandra Day, 234, 238

Olafson, Steve, 310n-11n

Olson, Theodore B., 240

open-source software, see free software/open-source software

Oppenheimer, Matt, 51

originalism, 243

Orwell, George, 108-9

parallel importation, 258

Paramount Pictures, 116

Patent and Trademark Office, U.S., 265-69

patents:

duration of, 54-55, 242, 292

on film technology, 53-55

on pharmaceuticals, 258-61, 266, 328n

in public domain, 135, 214

Patterson, Raymond, 90

peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing:

benefits of, 71-73, 79

of books, 72-73

efficiency of, 17-18

felony punishments for, 180, 215, 322n

peer342-to-peer file sharing (cont.)

four types of, 68-69, 296-97

infringement protections in, 73-74, 181-82

participation levels of, 67, 313n

piracy vs., 66-79

reform proposals of copyright restraints on, 296-304

regulatory balance lost in, 125, 206-7

shoplifting vs., 179-80

total legalization of, 180

zero-tolerance of, 180-82

Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act, 324n

permission culture:

free culture vs., xiv, 8, 173

transaction burdens of, 192-93

permissions:

coded controls vs., 149-53

photography exempted from, 33-35

for use of film clips, 100-107

see also copyright

pharmaceutical patents, 258-61, 328n

phonograph, 55

photocopying machines, 171

photography, 31-35

Picker, Randal C., 324n

piracy:

in Asia, 63, 64, 65, 302

commercial, 62-66, 313n

derivative work vs., 22-24, 25-29, 138-39, 141

in development of content industry, 53-61, 312n

of intangible property, 64, 71, 179-80

international, 63-64

profit reduction as criterion of, 66-71, 73

p2p file sharing vs., 66-79

uncritical rejection of, 183-84

player pianos, 55, 56, 75

PLoS (Public Library of Science), 262, 281-82

Pogue, David, xiii

political discourse, 41, 42-45

Politics (Aristotle), 150

Porgy and Bess, 233

pornography, 233, 325n

positive law, 86, 90

power, concentration of, xv, 12

Prelinger, Rick, 112

Princeton University, 51

privacy rights, 205, 277-79

Progress Clause, 130-31, 215, 218, 232, 236, 243-44

prohibition, citizen rebellion against, 199-207

Promises to Keep (Fisher), 301

property rights:

air traffic vs., 1-3, 294

as balance of public good vs. private interests, 172-73, 322n

copyright vs., 83-84, 172-73

feudal system of, 267

formalities associated with, 287-88

intangibility of, 84, 315n

Takings Clause on, 119

see also copyright; creative property; intellectual property rights

proprietary code, 279-80

protectionism, of artists vs. business interests, 9

p2p file sharing, see peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing

Public Citizen, 232

public domain:

access fees for material in, 281

balance of U.S. content in, 133, 170-72, 318n-19n

content industry opposition to, 253-56

defined, 24

e-book restrictions on, 148-50, 152-53

English legal establishment of, 93

films in, 223-25, 254

future patents vs. future copyrights in, 134-35, 214

legal murkiness on, 185-86

library of works derived from, 213-14

license system for rebuilding of, 281-86

protection of, 220-21

p2p sharing of work in, 73

public projects in, 262-63

traditional term for conversion to, 24-25

Public Enemy, 285

Public Library of Science (PloS), 262, 281-82

Quayle, 343 Dan, 110

radio:

FM spectrum of, 3-6, 128, 196, 256

on Internet, 194-99

music recordings played on, 58-59, 74, 195, 312n

ownership consolidation in, 162-63

railroad industry, 127

rap music, 107

RCA, 4-5, 6, 7, 128, 184, 256, 275

Reagan, Ronald, 233, 237, 263

Real Networks, 302

recording industry:

artist remuneration in, 52, 58-59, 74, 195, 196-97, 199, 301, 329n-30n

CD sales levels in, 70-71, 314n

composers’ rights vs. producers’ rights in, 56-58, 74

copyright infringement lawsuits of, 50-52, 180, 185, 190, 200, 270, 322n, 323n

copyright protections in, 55-58, 74, 181, 195, 291

international piracy in, 63

Internet radio hampered by, 196-99, 324n

new recording technology opposed by, 69-70, 314n

out-of-print music of, 68, 71-72, 314n

ownership concentration in, 162

piracy in, 55-58

radio broadcast and, 58-59, 74, 196, 312n

statutory license system in, 56-58

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA):

on CD sales decline, 70, 71

on circumvention technology, 158, 160

copyright infringement lawsuits filed by, 50-52, 180, 185, 190, 200, 270, 322n

on encryption system critique, 156-57

on Internet radio fees, 197, 198-99

intimidation tactics of, 51-52, 200, 206

ISP user identities sought by, 205-6, 322n

lobbying power of, 52, 197, 218

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 323n

Recording Industry Association of America v. Verizon Internet Services, 322n

regulation:

as establishment protectionism, 126-28, 188-99

four modalities of, 121-26, 317n, 318n

outsize penalties of, 190, 192

rule of law degraded by excess of, 199-207

Rehnquist, William H., 219, 234, 239-40

remote channel changers, 127

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 48

computer network search engine of, 49-51

Republican Party, 104, 249

“Rhapsody in Blue” (Gershwin), 221

RIAA, see Recording Industry Association of America

“Rip, Mix, Burn” technologies, 203

Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida), 20, 308n

Roberts, Michael, 189

robotic dog, 153-55, 156, 157, 160

Rogers, Fred, 158, 320n

Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 85-86, 87, 316n

Rose, Mark, 91

RPI, see Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Rubenfeld, Jed, 319n

Russel, Phil, 55

Saferstein, Harvey, 104-5

Safire, William, xiv-xv, 269

San Francisco Muni, 321n

San Francisco Opera, 95, 97

Sarnoff, David, 5

Saturday Night Live, 106

Scalia, Antonin, 234, 238, 240, 247

Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), 214

Schlafly, Phyllis, 231

schools, gun possession near, 219

Schwartz, John, 79

scientific journals, 280, 281-82

Scottish publishers, 86, 90-91, 93

Screen Actors Guild, 60

search engines, 48-50

“Seasons, The” (Thomson), 91

Secure 344 Digital Music Initiative (SDMI), 155-56

semiotic democracy, 301-2

Senate, U.S., 120, 131

FCC media ownership rules reversed by, 269

see also Congress, U.S.

Sentelle, David, 228-29, 231, 235, 243

September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 40, 41, 111-12

Seuss, Dr., 233, 234

Shakespeare, William, 29, 85, 87, 88, 93, 316n

sheet music, 17, 56

Silent Spring (Carson), 129

Simpsons, The, 95-98

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 262-63

Sites, Kevin, 310n-11n

60 Minutes, 105, 111

Slade, Michael, 101

slavery, 120

Smith, David, 309n

Snowe, Olympia, xv

software, open-source, see free software/open-source software

Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998), 134, 135, 215, 218, 221, 223

Supreme Court challenge of, 228, 230, 231, 234-48, 252, 304

Sony:

Aibo robotic dog produced by, 153-55, 156, 157

Betamax technology developed by, 75-76

Sony Music Entertainment, 162

Sony Pictures Entertainment, 116

Sousa, John Philip, 56

Souter, David, 234, 235, 242, 244

South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by, 258-59

speech, freedom of, 318n

constitutional guarantee of, 128

film-rating system vs., 117

useful criticism fostered by, 156

speeding, constraints on, 123-24, 207

spider, 108

Spielberg, Steven, 107

Stallman, Richard, xv-xvi, 279-80, 330n

Stanford University, 282

Star Wars, 98

Starwave, 100-101

Statute of Anne (1710), 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 133

Statute of Monopolies (1656), 88

statutory damages, 51

statutory licenses, 57-58, 64, 74, 194, 295-96, 300

Steamboat Bill, Jr., 22-23, 26, 34

Steamboat Willie, 21-23, 309n

steel industry, 127

Stevens, John Paul, 234, 235, 242

Stevens, Ted, xv

Stewart, Gordon, 229, 230

Story, Joseph, 252

Sullivan, Kathleen, 232-33

Superman comics, 27

Supreme Court, U.S.:

access to opinions of, 281

on airspace vs. land rights, 2-3, 307n

annual docket of, 229

on balance of interests in copyright law, 77, 78

on cable television, 61

congressional actions restrained by, 218-19, 220, 234

on copyright term extensions, 218, 228-48

factions of, 234-35

House of Lords vs., 92

on Internet pornography restrictions, 325n

on television advertising bans, 168

on VCR technology, 76-77

Sutherland, Donald, 102

Takings Clause, 119

Talbot, William, 31

Tatel, David, 229

Tauzin, Billy, 324n

tax system, 201

Taylor, Robert, 91

technology:

archival opportunity afforded through, 113-14, 115

of circumvention, 156, 157-60

of copying, 171

copyright enforcement controlled by, 147, 148-61, 181, 186, 203-4, 320n, 324n

copyright 345 intent altered by, 141-44

cut-and-paste culture enabled by, 105-6, 203

of digital capturing and sharing, 184-85

established industries threatened by changes in, 69-70, 126-28

innovative improvements in, 67, 313n

legal murkiness on, 192

television, 6

advertising on, 36, 127, 167-68, 321n

cable vs. broadcast, 59-61, 74-75, 302

controversy avoided by, 168, 321n

independent production for, 164-66

industry trade association of, 116

ownership consolidation in, 162, 163

VCR taping of, 75-76, 158-60

Television Archive, 110, 111-12

Thomas, Clarence, 234

Thomson, James, 91, 92

Thurmond, Strom, 43

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 42

Tonson, Jacob, 85, 86, 316n

tort reform, 323n

Torvalds, Linus, 280

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, 313n

Turner, Ted, 269

Twentieth Century Fox, 116

twins, as chimera, 178-79

United Kingdom:

copyright requirements in, 327n

history of copyright law in, 85-94

public creative archive in, 270

United States Trade Representative (USTR), 258-59

United States v. Lopez, 219, 220, 234, 235-36, 239, 241, 242, 243

United States v. Morrison, 219, 234

Universal Music Group, 162, 191

Universal Pictures, 75-76, 116

university computer networks, p2p sharing on, 48-51, 180, 206-7, 270, 322n

used record sales, 72, 314n

Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 316n, 322n

Valenti, Jack, 205, 238

background of, 116, 117

on creative property rights, 10, 117-20, 140

Eldred Act opposed by, 253

perpetual copyright term proposed by, 326n

on VCR technology, 76

Vanderbilt University, 110

VCRs, 75-76, 77, 158-60, 194, 297, 320n

venture capitalists, 189, 191

Verizon Internet Services, 205, 322n

veterans’ pensions, 293

Video Pipeline, 145-46, 187

Vivendi Universal, 182, 190

von Lohmann, Fred, 205, 207

Wagner, Richard, 95, 97

Warner Brothers, 101, 116, 147-48, 152

Warner Music Group, 162

Way Back Machine, 108, 109, 110

Wayner, Peter, 284

Web-logs (blogs), 41, 42-45, 310n-11n

Web sites, domain name registration of, 289

Webster, Noah, 8

Wellcome Trust, 262

Wells, H. G., 177-78

White House press releases, 317n

willful infringement, 146

Windows, 65

Winer, Dave, 44-45

Winick, Judd, 26-27

WJOA, 321n

WorldCom, 185

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 262-64, 265-67, 328n

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 263-64, 266

World Trade Center, 40

World Wide Web, 262

WRC, 321n

Wright brothers, 1, 3, 11-12

Yanofsky, Dave, 36

Zimmerman, Edwin, 60-61

Zittrain, Jonathan, 324n