academic journals, 262, 280-82
advertising, 36, 45-46, 127, 145-46, 167-68, 321n
Africa, medications for HIV patients in, 257-61
agricultural patents, 313n
Aibo robotic dog, 153-55, 156, 157, 160
air traffic, land ownership vs., 1-3
Akerlof, George, 232
Alben, Alex, 100-104, 105, 198-99, 295, 317n
alcohol prohibition, 200
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll), 152-53
Allen, Paul, 100
Amazon, 278
American Association of Law Libraries, 232
American Graphophone Company, 56
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), 318n
Andromeda, 203
Anello, Douglas, 60
Apple Corporation, 203, 264, 302
architecture, constraint effected through, 122, 123, 124, 318n
archive.org, 112
see also Internet Archive
archives, digital, 108-15, 173, 222, 226-27
Aristotle, 150
Armstrong, Edwin Howard, 3-6, 184, 196
Arrow, Kenneth, 232
art, underground, 186
artists:
publicity rights on images of, 317n
recording industry payments to, 52, 58-59, 74, 195, 196-97, 199, 301, 329n-30n
retrospective compilations on, 100-104
ASCAP, 18
Asia, commercial piracy in, 63, 64, 65, 302
AT&T, 6
Ayer, Don, 230, 237, 239, 244, 248
Bacon, Francis, 93
Barnes & Noble, 147
BBC, 270
Beatles, 57
Beckett, Thomas, 92
Bell, Alexander Graham, 3
Berlin Act (1908), 327n
Berne Convention (1908), 250, 327n
Bernstein, Leonard, 72
Black, Jane, 70
blogs (Web-logs), 41, 42-45, 310n-11n
BMG, 162
BMW, 191
Boies, David, 105
books:
English copyright law developed for, 85-94
free on-line releases of, 72-73, 284-85
out of print, 72, 113, 134, 299, 317n
resales of, 72, 134, 299, 314n
three types of uses of, 141-43
total number of, 114
booksellers, English, 88-94, 316n
Boswell, James, 91
Boyle, James, 129
Braithwaite, John, 267
Brandeis, Louis, 34
Brazil, free culture in, 270
Breyer, Stephen, 234, 235, 242, 243
Brezhnev, Leonid, 128
British Parliament, 86, 87, 89-90, 91-92, 94
Bromberg, Dan, 230
Brown, John Seely, 45, 46, 47, 127
Buchanan, James, 232
Bunyan, John, 93
Burdick, Quentin, 60
Bush, George W., 323n
cable television, 59-61, 74-75, 162, 163, 302
camera technology, 32-33, 34, 35, 127
Camp Chaos, 106
CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel), 324n
cars, MP3 sound systems in, 191
Carson, Rachel, 129
Casablanca, 148
cassette recording, 69-70, 314n
VCRs, 75-76, 77, 158-60, 194, 297, 320n
Causby, Thomas Lee, 2, 3, 7, 11, 12, 256, 307n
Causby, Tinie, 2, 3, 7, 11, 12, 256, 307n
CBS, 164
CD-ROMs, film clips used in, 100-104
CDs:
copyright marking of, 291
cell phones, music streamed over, 298
Christensen, Clayton M., 166, 313n, 321n
circumvention technologies, 156, 157-60
Clark, Kim B., 321n
CNN, 44
Coase, Ronald, 232
Code (Lessig), xiii, xiv, 121, 318n
CodePink Women for Peace, xiv, 269
Coe, Brian, 33
Comcast, 321n
comics, Japanese, 25-26, 27-28, 29, 309n
commerce, interstate, 219, 236, 326n
Commerce, U.S. Department of, 126
commercials, 36, 45-46, 127, 167-68, 321n
Commons, John R., 318n
Communications Decency Act (1996), 325n
composers, copyright protections of, 55-59, 74
compulsory 335 license, 57-58
computer games, 37
Congress, U.S.:
on cable television, 61, 74-75
challenge of CTEA legislation of, 228-48
constitutional powers of, 215-16, 219-20, 233, 234-35, 238-39, 240
in constitutional Progress Clause, 130-31, 236
on copyright laws, 56-57, 61, 74-75, 76, 77-78, 133, 134-35, 193, 194, 196, 197, 294, 324n
copyright terms extended by, 134-35, 214-18, 219-21, 228, 236
on derivative rights, 294
on digital audio tape, 315n
on recording industry, 56-57, 74, 196
Supreme Court restraint on, 218-19, 220, 234
Constitution, U.S.:
Commerce Clause of, 219, 233, 244, 326n
copyright purpose established in, 130-31, 220, 221, 308n, 326n
on creative property, 119-20, 130
Fifth Amendment to, 119
First Amendment to, 10, 128, 142, 168, 228, 230, 234, 244, 319n
originalist interpretation of, 243
Progress Clause of, 130-31, 215, 218, 232, 236, 243-44
structural checks and balances of, 131
Takings Clause of, 119
Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, 324n
contracts, 320n
Conyers, John, Jr., 322n
cookies, Internet, 278
“copyleft” licenses, 328n
copyright:
constitutional purpose of, 130-31, 220, 221, 308n, 326n
Creative Commons licenses for material in, 282-86
duration of, 24-25, 86, 89-94, 130, 131, 133-35, 172, 214-18, 220, 221-22, 292-93, 294-95, 309n, 319n
four regulatory modalities on, 124-26, 132
infringement lawsuits on, see copyright infringement lawsuits
as narrow monopoly right, 87-94
of natural authors vs. corporations, 135
no registration of works, 222-23, 249
in perpetuity, 89-90, 91, 92-93, 170, 215, 243, 246, 318n, 325n-26n
renewability of, 86, 133-34, 135, 289-90, 293, 309n, 319n
scope of, 136-39, 140, 169-72, 295, 320n
usage restrictions attached to, 87-88, 143-44, 146, 320n
voluntary reform efforts on, 275, 277-86
see also copyright law
Copyright Act (1790), 133, 137-38, 319n
Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel (CARP), 324n
copyright infringement lawsuits:
distribution technology targeted in, 75-77, 190, 191, 323n
exaggerated claims of, 51, 180, 185, 187, 190, 206, 322n
individual defendants intimidated by, 51-52, 185, 187, 200, 270
in recording industry, 50-52, 180, 185, 190, 200, 270, 322n, 323n
statutory damages of, 51
against student file sharing, 50-52, 180, 322n
willful infringement findings in, 146
zero tolerance in, 73-74, 180-81
copyright law:
authors vs. composers in, 56-57
on cable television rebroadcasting, 59-61, 74-75
circumvention technology banned by, 156, 157-60
commercial creativity as primary purpose of, 8, 204, 308n
copies as core issue of, 139-40, 141-44, 146, 171, 319n, 320n
creativity impeded by, 19, 184-88, 308n
as ex post regulation modality, 121-22
fair use and, 95-99, 107, 141-42, 143, 145, 146, 157, 160, 172, 186-87, 283, 292, 316n
felony punishment for infringement of, 180, 215, 223, 322n
formalities reinstated in, 287-91, 329n
government reforms proposed on, 287-306
history of American, 132-38, 170-71
illegal behavior as broad response to, 199-207
innovation hampered by, 188-99
innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in, 75, 77-79, 120, 129-30, 172-73
international compliance with, 63-64, 313n
lawyers as detriment to, 292, 304-6
malpractice lawsuits against lawyers advising on, 190-91
on music recordings, 55-58, 74, 181, 195, 291
privacy interests in, 308n
as protection of creators, 10, 131, 204
registration requirement of, 137, 170-71, 248-54, 288, 289-90, 291, 327n
on republishing vs. transformation of original work, 19, 136, 138-39, 144-45, 170-72, 294-96, 319n
royalty proposal on derivative reuse in, 106
statutory licenses in, 56-58, 64, 74, 194, 295-96, 300
Supreme Court case on term extension of, 218, 228-48
technology as automatic enforcer of, 147, 148-61, 181, 186, 203, 320n, 324n
term extensions in, 134-35, 214-18, 219-21, 228-48
two central goals of, 75
Copyright Office, 252-53, 289, 291
corporations:
copyright terms for, 135
in pharmaceutical industry, 260
“Country of the Blind, The” (Wells), 177-78
Court of Appeals:
D.C. Circuit, 228-29, 231, 235
cover songs, 57
creative property:
of authors vs. composers, 56-57
common law protections of, 133
constitutional tradition on, 118-20, 130-31
“if value, then right” theory of, 18-19, 53
noncommercial second life of, 112-13, 114-15
other property rights vs., 117-24, 140
see also intellectual property rights
creativity:
labor shift to, 308n
legal restrictions on, 19, 184-88, 308n
by transforming previous works, 22-24, 25-29
see also innovation
Crichton, Michael, 37
criminal justice system, 167
Crosskey, William W., 318n
CTEA, see Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act
culture:
archives of, 108-15, 173, 226-27
commerical vs. noncommercial, 7-8, 170-72, 225
see also free culture
Cyber Rights (Godwin), 40
Daguerre, Louis, 31
Daley, Elizabeth, 36-37, 38, 39-40, 46
DAT (digital audio tape), 315n, 330n
Data General, 279
Day After Trinity, The, 97
D.C. Court of Appeals, 228-29, 231, 235
Dean, Howard, 43
digital sharing within, 184
media concentration and, 166
in technologies of expression, 33, 35, 41-42, 43, 44-45
Democratic Party, 249
derivative works, 329n
fair use vs., 145
First Amendment and, 319n
historical shift in copyright coverage of, 136, 170-72
piracy vs., 22-24, 25-29, 138-39, 141
reform of copyright term and scope on, 294-96
royalty system proposed for, 106
technological developments and, 144, 171
developing countries, foreign patent costs in, 63, 257-61, 313n
Diamond Multimedia Systems, 323n
digital audio tape (DAT), 315n, 330n
Digital Copyright (Litman), 194
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 156, 157, 159, 160, 181
DirecTV, 163
Dirty Harry, 101
Disney, Inc., 23-24, 116, 145-46, 218, 231
Sony Betamax technology opposed by, 75-76
Disney, Walt, 21-24, 25, 26, 28-29, 33-34, 78, 115, 139, 213, 220, 309n
DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 156, 157, 159, 160, 181
doctors, malpractice claims against, 185, 323n
domain names, 289
Donaldson, Alexander, 90-91, 92
doujinshi comics, 25-26, 27-28, 29
Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow), 72-73, 284
Drahos, Peter, 267
Dreyfuss, Rochelle, 18
driving speed, constraints on, 123-24, 207
Drucker, Peter, 103
drugs:
illegal, 166-67, 201, 207, 321n
pharmaceutical, 257-61, 266, 327n, 328n
Dryden, John, 316n
“Duck and Cover” film, 112
DVDs:
piracy of, 64
price of, 70
Dylan, Bob, 270
Edison, Thomas, 3, 53-54, 55, 69, 78
education:
tinkering as means of, 45-47, 50
Eldred, Eric, 213-15, 218, 220, 221, 229, 249, 325n
Eldred v. Ashcroft, 220, 228-48, 292
Electronic Frontier Foundation, 205
e-mail, 42
Eminem, 270
England, copyright laws developed in, 85-94
Enlightenment, 89
ephemeral films, 112
Errors and Omissions insurance, 98
Erskine, Andrew, 91
ethics, 201
expression, technologies of:
democratic, 33, 35, 41-42, 43, 44-45
circumvention technology ban and, 157-58
Creative Commons license vs., 283
in documentary film, 95-99, 316n
fuzziness of, 292
legal intimidation tactics against, 98-99, 146, 172, 186-87
in sampling works, 107
technological restriction of, 160
Fanning, Shawn, 67
Faraday, Michael, 3
FCC:
on media bias, 321n
media ownership regulated by, xiv-xv, 162, 269
on television production studios, 165
Felton, Ed, 47, 155-57, 158, 160
feudal system, 267
Fifth Amendment, 119
film industry:
consolidation of, 163
luxury theaters vs. video piracy in, 302
patent piracy at inception of, 53-55
rating system of, 117
trade association of, 116-17, 119, 218, 253-54, 256
trailer advertisements of, 145-46
VCR taping facility opposed by, 75-76
films:
clips and collages of, 100-107
digital copies of, 324n
fair use of copyrighted material in, 95-99
multiple copyrights associated with, 95, 101-3, 224
total number of, 114
film sampling, 107
First Amendment, 10, 128, 142, 168, 319n
copyright extension as violation of, 228, 230, 234, 244
first-sale doctrine, 146
Fisher, William, 197, 301, 324n, 330n
Fourneaux, Henri, 55
Fox, William, 54
Fox (film company), 96, 97, 98, 163
free culture:
Creative Commons licenses for recreation of, 282-86
defined, xvi
derivative works based on, 29-30
English legal establishment of, 94
four modalities of constraint on, 121-26, 317n, 318n
permission culture vs., xiv, 8, 173
restoration efforts on previous aspects of, 277-82
Free for All (Wayner), 285
free market, technological changes in, 127-28
Free Software Foundation, xv, 231-32, 280
free software/open-source software (FS/OSS), 45, 65, 264-66, 279-80, 328n
French copyright law, 327n
Friedman, Milton, 232
Frost, Robert, 214, 216-17, 220
Future of Ideas, The (Lessig), 148, 150, 189, 292
Garlick, Mia, 284
General Film Company, 54
General Public License (GPL), 265, 280
generic drugs, 266
German copyright law, 327n
Gil, Gilberto, 270
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 234, 235, 242
Girl Scouts, 18
Global Positioning System, 263
GNU/Linux operating system, 65, 232, 264, 280
Goldstein, Paul, 295
GPL (General Public License), 265, 280
Gracie Films, 96
Grimm fairy tales, 23, 28, 213-14
Grokster, Ltd., 323n
hacks, 154
Hand, Learned, 312n
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 213, 214
Henry V, 85
Henry VIII, King of England, 88
Heston, Charlton, 60
history, records of, 109
Hollings, Fritz, 324n
Hollywood film industry, 53-55
see also film industry
Hummer, John, 191
Hummer Winblad, 191
Hyde, Rosel, 60
“if value, then right” theory, 18-19, 53
copyright profit balanced with, 75, 77-79
industry establishment opposed to, 75-76, 188-99
media conglomeration as disincentive for, 164-66
see also creativity
Innovator’s Dilemma, The (Christensen), 166, 321n
insecticide, environmental consequences of, 129-30
intellectual property rights, 11-12
components of, 309n
international organization on issues of, 262-64, 265-67, 328n
U.S. Patent Office on private control of, 266-69
international law, 63-64, 258-59, 313n
Internet:
books on, 72-73, 143-44, 148-53, 284-85
copyright applicability altered by technology of, 141-44
copyright enforced through, 149-57, 161
copyright regulatory balance lost with, 125-26
creative Web sites on, 185
cultural process transformed by, 7-8
development of, 7, 262, 276-77
domain name registration on, 289
efficient content distribution on, 17-18, 193-94
encryption systems designed for, 155-56
initial free character of, 276-77
music files downloaded from, 67, 180-82, 199, 313n, 323n, 324n
peer-generated rankings on, 43
peer-to-peer file sharing on, see peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing
pornography on, 325n
public discourse conducted on, 41-45
user identities released by service providers of, 186, 205-6, 322n
Internet Archive, 108-10, 112, 114, 222, 232
Internet Explorer, 65
interstate commerce, 219, 236, 326n
ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by, 186, 205-6, 322n
Iwerks, Ub, 22
Japanese comics, 25-26, 27-28, 29, 309n
Jefferson, 340 Thomas, 84, 120, 284
Johnson, Lyndon, 116
Johnson, Samuel, 93
Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue ( Jones Day), 229-30, 232, 237
Jonson, Ben, 316n
Jordan, Jesse, 48, 49-52, 185, 200, 206
journalism, 44
jury system, 42
Kahle, Brewster, 47, 110-15, 222, 226-27, 317n
Kaplan, Benjamin, 294
Kelly, Kevin, 255
Kennedy, Anthony, 234, 239, 244, 248
Kittredge, Alfred, 56
knowledge, freedom of, 89
Kodak cameras, 32-33, 34, 127, 184
Kodak Primer, The (Eastman), 32
Kozinski, Alex, 76
Krim, Jonathan, 265
land ownership, air traffic and, 1-3, 294
Laurel and Hardy films, 223
law:
as constraint modality, 121-22, 123-24, 125, 317n
on copyrights, see copyright law
databases of case reports in, 65, 280-81
federal vs. state, 133
law schools, 201
lawyers:
copyright cultural balance impeded by, 292, 304-6
malpractice suits against, 190-91
Leaphart, Walter, 285
legal realist movement, 322
legal system, attorney costs in, 51-52, 185, 186-87, 304-6
Lessig, Lawrence, xiii, xiv, 121, 148, 150, 189, 292, 318n
Eldred case involvement of, 215, 216, 218, 228-48
in international debate on intellectual property, 263-64, 267-68, 328n
libraries:
archival function of, 109, 111, 113, 114, 173, 227
privacy rights in use of, 278
of public-domain literature, 213-14
Library of Congress, 110, 111, 198
Licensing Act (1662), 86
Linux operating system, 65, 232, 264, 280
Litman, Jessica, 194
Lofgren, Zoe, 253
Lott, Trent, 43
Lucas, George, 98
Lucky Dog, The, 223
McCain, John, 162
Mansfield, William Murray, Lord, 17, 91
Marijuana Policy Project, 321n
market constraints, 122, 123, 125, 188, 192, 318n
media:
blog pressure on, 43
commercial imperatives of, 43, 44
ownership concentration in, xiv-xv, 4-6, 44, 162-68, 269-70
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 323n
MGM, 116
Michigan Technical University, 51
Mickey Mouse, 21-22, 139, 220, 221, 231
Microsoft, 100
competitive strategies of, 65
on 341 free software, 264, 265, 328n
government case against, 155
international software piracy of, 65
network file system of, 49
Windows operating system of, 65
WIPO meeting opposed by, 265
Middlemarch (Eliot), 148-50, 151
Mill, John Stuart, 318n
Monroe, Marilyn, 195
Morrison, Alan, 232
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), 116-17, 119, 218, 253-54, 256
Motion Pictures Patents Company (MPPC), 53-54, 63
Movie Archive, 112
Moyers, Bill, 165
MP3 players, 191
MP3s, 125
see also peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing
Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood, 158
Müller, Paul Hermann, 129
Murdoch, Rupert, 163
music recordings:
total number of, 114
see peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing; recording industry
MusicStore, 302
infringing material blocked by, 73-74
number of registrations on, 67
range of content on, 68
recording industry tracking of users of, 206
replacement of, 67
venture capital for, 191
Nashville Songwriters Association, 221
National Writers Union, 232
NBC, 321n
Needleman, Rafe, 191
Nesson, Charlie, 201
NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998), 215
Netanel, Neil Weinstock, 10, 329n
Netscape, 65
New Hampshire (Frost), 214
News Corp., 163
news coverage, 40-41, 43, 44, 110-12
newspapers:
ownership consolidation of, 163
Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign, 167, 321n
Nimmer, David, 105
Nimmer, Melville, 304
Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, 76, 105, 323n
Nixon, Richard, 293
No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998), 215
norms, regulatory influence of, 122, 123, 125
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 234, 238
Olson, Theodore B., 240
open-source software, see free software/open-source software
Oppenheimer, Matt, 51
originalism, 243
parallel importation, 258
Paramount Pictures, 116
Patent and Trademark Office, U.S., 265-69
patents:
on pharmaceuticals, 258-61, 266, 328n
Patterson, Raymond, 90
peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing:
felony punishments for, 180, 215, 322n
peer342-to-peer file sharing (cont.)
infringement protections in, 73-74, 181-82
participation levels of, 67, 313n
reform proposals of copyright restraints on, 296-304
regulatory balance lost in, 125, 206-7
total legalization of, 180
Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act, 324n
permission culture:
transaction burdens of, 192-93
permissions:
photography exempted from, 33-35
for use of film clips, 100-107
see also copyright
pharmaceutical patents, 258-61, 328n
phonograph, 55
photocopying machines, 171
Picker, Randal C., 324n
piracy:
derivative work vs., 22-24, 25-29, 138-39, 141
in development of content industry, 53-61, 312n
of intangible property, 64, 71, 179-80
profit reduction as criterion of, 66-71, 73
uncritical rejection of, 183-84
PLoS (Public Library of Science), 262, 281-82
Pogue, David, xiii
political discourse, 41, 42-45
Politics (Aristotle), 150
Porgy and Bess, 233
power, concentration of, xv, 12
Prelinger, Rick, 112
Princeton University, 51
Progress Clause, 130-31, 215, 218, 232, 236, 243-44
prohibition, citizen rebellion against, 199-207
Promises to Keep (Fisher), 301
property rights:
as balance of public good vs. private interests, 172-73, 322n
feudal system of, 267
formalities associated with, 287-88
Takings Clause on, 119
see also copyright; creative property; intellectual property rights
protectionism, of artists vs. business interests, 9
p2p file sharing, see peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing
Public Citizen, 232
public domain:
access fees for material in, 281
balance of U.S. content in, 133, 170-72, 318n-19n
content industry opposition to, 253-56
defined, 24
e-book restrictions on, 148-50, 152-53
English legal establishment of, 93
future patents vs. future copyrights in, 134-35, 214
library of works derived from, 213-14
license system for rebuilding of, 281-86
p2p sharing of work in, 73
traditional term for conversion to, 24-25
Public Enemy, 285
Public Library of Science (PloS), 262, 281-82
radio:
FM spectrum of, 3-6, 128, 196, 256
music recordings played on, 58-59, 74, 195, 312n
ownership consolidation in, 162-63
railroad industry, 127
rap music, 107
RCA, 4-5, 6, 7, 128, 184, 256, 275
Real Networks, 302
recording industry:
artist remuneration in, 52, 58-59, 74, 195, 196-97, 199, 301, 329n-30n
CD sales levels in, 70-71, 314n
composers’ rights vs. producers’ rights in, 56-58, 74
copyright infringement lawsuits of, 50-52, 180, 185, 190, 200, 270, 322n, 323n
copyright protections in, 55-58, 74, 181, 195, 291
international piracy in, 63
Internet radio hampered by, 196-99, 324n
new recording technology opposed by, 69-70, 314n
out-of-print music of, 68, 71-72, 314n
ownership concentration in, 162
radio broadcast and, 58-59, 74, 196, 312n
statutory license system in, 56-58
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA):
on circumvention technology, 158, 160
copyright infringement lawsuits filed by, 50-52, 180, 185, 190, 200, 270, 322n
on encryption system critique, 156-57
on Internet radio fees, 197, 198-99
intimidation tactics of, 51-52, 200, 206
ISP user identities sought by, 205-6, 322n
lobbying power of, 52, 197, 218
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 323n
Recording Industry Association of America v. Verizon Internet Services, 322n
regulation:
as establishment protectionism, 126-28, 188-99
four modalities of, 121-26, 317n, 318n
outsize penalties of, 190, 192
rule of law degraded by excess of, 199-207
Rehnquist, William H., 219, 234, 239-40
remote channel changers, 127
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 48
computer network search engine of, 49-51
“Rhapsody in Blue” (Gershwin), 221
RIAA, see Recording Industry Association of America
“Rip, Mix, Burn” technologies, 203
Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida), 20, 308n
Roberts, Michael, 189
robotic dog, 153-55, 156, 157, 160
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 85-86, 87, 316n
Rose, Mark, 91
RPI, see Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rubenfeld, Jed, 319n
Russel, Phil, 55
San Francisco Muni, 321n
Sarnoff, David, 5
Saturday Night Live, 106
Scalia, Antonin, 234, 238, 240, 247
Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), 214
Schlafly, Phyllis, 231
schools, gun possession near, 219
Schwartz, John, 79
scientific journals, 280, 281-82
Scottish publishers, 86, 90-91, 93
Screen Actors Guild, 60
“Seasons, The” (Thomson), 91
Secure 344 Digital Music Initiative (SDMI), 155-56
FCC media ownership rules reversed by, 269
see also Congress, U.S.
Sentelle, David, 228-29, 231, 235, 243
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 40, 41, 111-12
Shakespeare, William, 29, 85, 87, 88, 93, 316n
Silent Spring (Carson), 129
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 262-63
Slade, Michael, 101
slavery, 120
Smith, David, 309n
Snowe, Olympia, xv
software, open-source, see free software/open-source software
Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998), 134, 135, 215, 218, 221, 223
Supreme Court challenge of, 228, 230, 231, 234-48, 252, 304
Sony:
Aibo robotic dog produced by, 153-55, 156, 157
Betamax technology developed by, 75-76
Sony Music Entertainment, 162
Sony Pictures Entertainment, 116
Sousa, John Philip, 56
Souter, David, 234, 235, 242, 244
South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by, 258-59
speech, freedom of, 318n
constitutional guarantee of, 128
film-rating system vs., 117
useful criticism fostered by, 156
speeding, constraints on, 123-24, 207
spider, 108
Spielberg, Steven, 107
Stallman, Richard, xv-xvi, 279-80, 330n
Stanford University, 282
Star Wars, 98
Statute of Anne (1710), 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 133
Statute of Monopolies (1656), 88
statutory damages, 51
statutory licenses, 57-58, 64, 74, 194, 295-96, 300
Steamboat Bill, Jr., 22-23, 26, 34
steel industry, 127
Stevens, John Paul, 234, 235, 242
Stevens, Ted, xv
Story, Joseph, 252
Superman comics, 27
Supreme Court, U.S.:
access to opinions of, 281
on airspace vs. land rights, 2-3, 307n
annual docket of, 229
on balance of interests in copyright law, 77, 78
on cable television, 61
congressional actions restrained by, 218-19, 220, 234
on copyright term extensions, 218, 228-48
House of Lords vs., 92
on Internet pornography restrictions, 325n
on television advertising bans, 168
Sutherland, Donald, 102
Takings Clause, 119
Talbot, William, 31
Tatel, David, 229
Tauzin, Billy, 324n
tax system, 201
Taylor, Robert, 91
technology:
archival opportunity afforded through, 113-14, 115
of copying, 171
copyright enforcement controlled by, 147, 148-61, 181, 186, 203-4, 320n, 324n
copyright 345 intent altered by, 141-44
cut-and-paste culture enabled by, 105-6, 203
of digital capturing and sharing, 184-85
established industries threatened by changes in, 69-70, 126-28
innovative improvements in, 67, 313n
legal murkiness on, 192
television, 6
advertising on, 36, 127, 167-68, 321n
cable vs. broadcast, 59-61, 74-75, 302
controversy avoided by, 168, 321n
independent production for, 164-66
industry trade association of, 116
ownership consolidation in, 162, 163
Television Archive, 110, 111-12
Thomas, Clarence, 234
Thurmond, Strom, 43
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 42
tort reform, 323n
Torvalds, Linus, 280
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, 313n
Turner, Ted, 269
Twentieth Century Fox, 116
United Kingdom:
copyright requirements in, 327n
history of copyright law in, 85-94
public creative archive in, 270
United States Trade Representative (USTR), 258-59
United States v. Lopez, 219, 220, 234, 235-36, 239, 241, 242, 243
United States v. Morrison, 219, 234
Universal Music Group, 162, 191
Universal Pictures, 75-76, 116
university computer networks, p2p sharing on, 48-51, 180, 206-7, 270, 322n
Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 316n, 322n
on creative property rights, 10, 117-20, 140
Eldred Act opposed by, 253
perpetual copyright term proposed by, 326n
on VCR technology, 76
Vanderbilt University, 110
VCRs, 75-76, 77, 158-60, 194, 297, 320n
Verizon Internet Services, 205, 322n
veterans’ pensions, 293
Warner Brothers, 101, 116, 147-48, 152
Warner Music Group, 162
Way Back Machine, 108, 109, 110
Wayner, Peter, 284
Web-logs (blogs), 41, 42-45, 310n-11n
Web sites, domain name registration of, 289
Webster, Noah, 8
Wellcome Trust, 262
White House press releases, 317n
willful infringement, 146
Windows, 65
WJOA, 321n
WorldCom, 185
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 262-64, 265-67, 328n
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 263-64, 266
World Trade Center, 40
World Wide Web, 262
WRC, 321n
Yanofsky, Dave, 36
Zittrain, Jonathan, 324n